The Integration Pack for Student Information System (IPSIS) platform
The Integration Pack for Student Information Systems (IPSIS) platform is an integration platform in Brightspace that consists of common components and a collection of products that allow you to import information from your organization's information system to Brightspace (for example, your organization structure, users, and enrollment information). Once that information is imported into Brightspace, you can continue to update your information system and import that information to Brightspace using the IPSIS platform.
This new Integration Pack for Student Information Systems (IPSIS) source system is available for PowerSchool using School Passport by Global Grid 4 Learning (GG4L). This source system provides an out-of-the-box rostering integration option for customers using PowerSchool, and includes a service provided by GG4L to set up School Passport connections between Brightspace and the PowerSchool student information system.
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Note: Rostering includes user management, enrollment, and Org Structure, including School[Dept], Course [Template], and Class [Course Offering+ Section]. Rostering is a prerequisite for the Grade Passback functionality.
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Supported information systems
The IPSIS platform integrates with the following common types of information systems:
- Student Information Systems (SIS) - A software tool used by educational organizations to manage students, courses, and enrollments.
- Human Resource Systems (HRIS) - A software tool used by corporate organizations to manage employees and their data.
- Learner Information Systems (LIS) - A software tool used by educational organizations to manage the registration of student enrollments.
Components and products in the IPSIS platform
Under the IPSIS platform, there are common components and several products with unique features to integrate your specific information system with Brightspace. The collection of components and products are:
- D2L Standard CSV – Used for integrating with SIS/HRIS systems by using D2L-defined Comma-Separated Value (CSV) files.
- Ellucian ILP – Used for integrating with Banner or Colleague systems, based on LIS specifications.
- OneRoster CSV and OneRoster REST – Used for integrating with K-12 information systems that support the IMS Global Learning Consortium’s OneRoster specification.
- LIS v2.0 Adapter – Used for integrating with information systems that support the IMS Global Learning Consortium's LIS specification.
- SIS Course Merge – An interface in Brightspace used to enable instructors to merge and unmerge multiple IPSIS-processed courses into and out of one parent course offering.
- Section Association Interface (UI) – An interface in Brightspace used to manually manipulate relationships between enrollable courses or sections in an SIS and course offerings in Brightspace.
- IPSIS Administration Interface (Admin UI) – An administration interface in Brightspace used for configuring and reviewing the status of SIS integrations with Brightspace.
OneRoster is an IMS standard designed to allow secure sharing of class rosters and related data between a student information system (SIS) and any other system. The OneRoster standard supports spreadsheet-style (CSV) export-import as well as direct system exchanges using REST API’s. This administration guide focuses on the REST specification.
Before you use OneRoster REST 1.1
D2L supports the IMS OneRoster v1.1 specification and recertifies against the IMS Global product certification suite yearly. D2L supports the following Conformance Certifications:
- REST Data Provider Gradebook Push Core
- REST Data Consumer Rostering Core
The Brightspace implementation of the OneRoster v1.1 specification lets administrators schedule data to be pulled from their SIS to populate the required roster related data (schools, classes, users, enrollments, etc.) in the Brightspace platform. The new IPSIS OneRoster REST user interface includes a schedule to allow administrators to configure the time of day when the data pulls occur. Additionally, for an SIS partner supporting the Gradebook service, administrators can set the grades to be returned with the daily data sync and/or allow a faculty member to initiate a manual sync.
Endpoints used
Type |
URL |
---|
GET |
ims/oneroster/v1p1/academicSessions |
GET |
ims/oneroster/v1p1/classes |
GET |
ims/oneroster/v1p1/enrollments |
GET |
ims/oneroster/v1p1/orgs |
GET |
ims/oneroster/v1p1/orgs/{id} |
GET |
ims/oneroster/v1p1/users
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How OneRoster REST is mapping to Brightspace
Below are the mapping values between a OneRoster object type and a Brightspace object type.
One Roster |
D2L Brightspace |
---|
Academic Sessions
|
Org Units* |
Orgs |
Org Units* |
Schools |
Org Units* |
Courses |
Course Template
|
Classes |
Course Offering & Course Section |
Users |
User
|
Enrollments |
Enrollment
|
*Org unit types are typically custom org unit types that can be mapped during the configuration process.
Academic Sessions
OneRoster |
Supported Values |
Used by Brightspace for |
Required |
---|
sourcedId |
|
N/A |
Y |
status |
active or tobedeleted |
Create/Replace or Delete |
Y |
dateLastModified |
YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:SS.sssZ |
N/A |
Y |
metadata |
N/A |
N/A |
|
title |
|
Org Unit Name and Org Unit Code |
Y |
startDate |
YYYY-MM-DD |
Exposed for academic session in gradebook and course offering |
Y |
endDate |
YYYY-MM-DD |
Exposed for academic session in gradebook and course offering |
Y |
type |
Semester, Term, Grading Period, SchoolYear |
Org Unit Type |
Y |
parent |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Children |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
SchoolYear |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Orgs
OneRoster |
Supported Values |
Used by Brightspace for |
Required |
---|
SourcedId
|
|
N/A |
Y |
Status
|
active or tobedeleted
|
Replace or Delete |
Y |
DateLastModified
|
YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:SS.sssZ |
N/A |
Y |
MetaData
|
N/A |
N/A |
|
Name
|
|
Org Unit Name and Org Unit Code |
Y |
Identifier
|
|
Org Unit Code (if provided) |
N |
StartDate
|
YYYY-MM-DD |
N/A |
Y |
EndDate
|
YYYY-MM-DD |
N/A |
Y |
Type
|
District, Department, Local, National, School, State |
Org Unit Type |
Y |
Parent
|
|
Parent Org Units |
Required to create org structure |
Children
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Courses
OneRoster |
Supported Values |
Used by Brightspace for |
Required |
---|
SourcedId
|
|
N/A |
Y |
Status
|
active or tobedeleted |
Active |
Y |
DateLastModified
|
YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:SS.sssZ |
N/A |
Y |
MetaData
|
N/A |
N/A |
|
Title |
|
Org Unit Name and Org Unit Code |
Y |
SchoolYear |
|
Parent Org Units |
N |
CourseCode |
|
Org Unit Code (if provided) |
N |
Grades |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Subjects |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Org |
|
Parent Org Units |
Required to create org structure |
StartDate
|
YYYY-MM-DD |
N/A |
|
EndDate
|
YYYY-MM-DD |
N/A |
|
SubjectCodes |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Resources |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Classes
OneRoster |
Supported Values |
Used by Brightspace for |
Required |
---|
SourcedId
|
|
N/A |
Y |
Status
|
active or tobedeleted |
Active or Inactive |
Y |
DateLastModified
|
YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:SS.sssZ |
N/A |
Y |
MetaData
|
Not Mapped |
Title |
|
Org Unit Name and Org Unit Code |
Y |
ClassCode |
|
Org Unit Code (If provided) |
N |
ClassType |
N/A |
Location |
N/A |
Grades |
N/A |
Subjects |
N/A |
Course |
|
Parent Org Units |
Y |
School |
|
Parent Org Units |
Y |
Terms |
|
Parent Org Units |
Y |
SubjectCodes |
N/A |
Periods |
N/A |
Resources |
N/A |
Users
OneRoster |
Supported Values |
Used by Brightspace for |
Required |
---|
SourcedId
|
|
OrgDefinedId |
Y |
Status
|
active or tobedeleted |
IsActive |
Y |
DateLastModified |
YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:SS.sssZ |
N/A |
Y |
MetaData
|
Not Mapped |
UserName |
|
UserName |
Y |
UserIds |
Not Mapped |
EnabledUser |
|
IsActive |
Y |
GivenName |
|
FirstName |
Y |
FamilyName |
|
LastName |
Y |
MiddleName |
|
MiddleName |
N |
Role |
|
Role In Org |
Y |
Identifier |
|
OrgDefinedId (If provided) |
N |
Email |
|
ExternalEmail |
N |
Sms |
|
N/A |
N |
Phone |
|
N/A |
N |
Agents |
|
Brightspace Parent & Guardian |
N |
Orgs |
Upper Org Unit Enrollments (With Role in Org) |
Grades |
N/A |
Password |
|
User Password |
N |
Enrollments
OneRoster |
Supported Values |
Used by Brightspace for |
Required |
---|
SourcedId
|
|
N/A |
Y |
Status
|
active or tobedeleted |
Active |
Y |
DateLastModified
|
YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:SS.sssZ |
|
Y |
MetaData
|
N/A |
User |
|
User to Enroll |
Y |
Class |
|
Course Offering & Section to Enroll in |
Y |
School |
N/A |
Role |
|
Role |
Y |
Primary |
N/A |
BeginDate |
N/A |
EndDate |
N/A |
Assumptions and Limitations
Assumptions
D2L can work with any SIS that supports OneRoster 1.1 REST and is certified with IMS Global or working towards their certification.
REST Process
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Scheduled runs run from the previous run date of the data extract to the start date of the current data extract. If this is the first run, it acts like a sync operation and runs with no start date to the date range.
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There is an option to trigger a run manually from the previous run date, from a specific date or for all records in the system.
- Call Order: The order that the various endpoints are called in:
Academic Sessions
Orgs
- Schools
Courses
Classes
Users
Enrollments
Grades
Limitations
- Records with a status of tobedeleted are only deleted if the child is deleted.
- Enrollments into upper org units that were created before the June 2024/20.24.6 release cannot be unenrolled via the OneRoster integration.
- Enrollments that were created manually in Brightspace cannot be unenrolled via the OneRoster integration.
- Unsupported characters: there are several characters that are not supported in the Brightspace Org Unit Code. These characters are replaced with an underscore (_). Unsupported Characters: \ : ? “ ” < > | ‘ # , % &
- Truncations: The max length for the Org Unit Code in Brightspace is 50 characters. If it exceeds this length, it is truncated in the UI.
Configuration options for OneRoster REST
You will work with your Brightspace Implementation Consultant to set up your OneRoster REST source system. Brightspace automatically defaults to your most common settings. However, these settings can be edited at any time with the appropriate permissions.
Before the source system can be configured, make sure you have the following items completed.
General Requirements
Contact your OneRoster representative to obtain your API information. You will need:
- Endpoint URL
- Consumer Key
- Consumer Secret
- OAuth Signature Method = SHA-256
Configuration
After the initial set up, you can update the configuration of your OneRoster REST source system:
- From the Admin Tools menu, select IPSIS Administration, select the Configuration tab
- Credentials provided during initial set up will appear first, these credentials can be edited if required.
- Source System fields:
- SIS Name: The SIS Name field is editable and is recommended to be kept up to date.
- Scheduled Updates: The time that Brightspace will automatically sync with the SIS. It is recommended that this process is completed overnight.
- Overwriting Brightspace: Granular choices to identify which fields in Brightspace your SIS can overwrite.
People
- SIS Role Mappings: This section contains the OneRoster specific role to map SIS role names to Brightspace role names. Teacher and Student roles are included by default, but they can be deleted. The following are the roles available in OneRoster:
- Administrator
- Aide
- Guardian
- Parent
- Proctor
- Relative
- Student
- Teacher
To add additional SIS specific role names to map to Brightspace roles, click + Add Role.Note: If the SIS sends a role that is not configured, it results in an error and the user cannot be created. - Map SIS Entries to Existing Users: Provides the option to map SIS entries based on username or OrgDefinedId to existing users that were created outside of the SIS (manually, bulk operations, API, etc.). If mappings are off, duplicates may be created.
Courses and Sections
- Courses and Sections - Mappings: This section contains the OneRoster specific org unit types to map SIS orgs to Brightspace org names.
- Click + Add Org Unit Type to add additional SIS specific org unit names. The following Org Unit Types are required for ClassLink:
- SIS Orgs
- District
- School
- Local, National, State, and Department are optional
- Academic Session Type
- Semester
- Term
- SchoolYear
- GradingPeriod
- SIS Group
- Course Offering
- Course Section
- Course Template
- Section Association
- Deletion: Provides two options on how a tobedeleted status affects an org unit in Brightspace.
- Do Nothing – the org unit mapping will be deleted from IPSIS mappings, but the org unit will remain unchanged in Brightspace
- Inactivate course offering – the org unit mapping will be deleted from IPSIS mappings, the course offering will be marked inactive in Brightspace, section and enrollments will remain
- Map SIS entries to courses and sections: Provides the option to map SIS entries based on org unit code to existing org units that were created outside of the SIS (manually, bulk operations, API, etc.). It is not recommended to turn these on for any org units created by your SIS unless you confirmed the codes are unique across schools and school years. If they are not unique, the SIS may overwrite existing org units with data from other org units.
- Course Content: Provides the ability to copy course content from a master course or a course template to the newly created course. Select Yes and choose one of the following:
- If Find an Org Unit to automatically copy from based on specified criteria? is not selected, content is copied from a Master Course Offering to the sibling Course Offering when the Master Course Offering and Course Template share the same Org Unit Code
- If Find an Org Unit to automatically copy from based on specified criteria? is selected, you can choose from two options:
- Parent course template of the new course
- Content is copied from the parent Course Template to the new child Course Offering
- Sibling course where the Org Unit Code matches the parent template. Content is copied from the source course offering to the new child Course Offering based on the source course being manually added to Brightspace with the same org unit code as the parent template.
Course Offering Dates:Allows you to use academic session information for course offering start and end dates. This check box is set to off by default. This option allows you to choose if academic session (semester, term, school year, or grading period) dates are associated to the course offering (this option defaults to term). The start date and end date of a course can also be offset by a specified number of days. If multiple academic sessions are set for a single course offering, the first Academic Session received from the SIS will be used for the start and end dates.
Unenrollment: Provides the option to unenroll users from sections and courses based on the enrollment End Date provided by the SIS, and the option to unenroll users from SIS Orgs if they’re no longer associated with them in the SIS.
Departments, Semesters, and Other:
Map SIS entries to existing org units: Provides the option to map SIS entries based on org unit code to existing org units that were created outside of the SIS (manually, bulk operations, API, etc.). It is not recommended to turn these on for any org units created by your SIS unless you confirmed the codes are unique across schools and school years.
Grades Export: Export Grades to PowerSchool.- Select Users with the "Export Grades" permission can export grades to the SIS to allow teachers with the Export Grades permission to send grades to GG4L on demand.
- Select Export all grades to the SIS at scheduled daily update to include grades export with the daily synchronization.
Figure: Select the desired Grades Export options.
Once complete and you are ready to sync data, select Save Configuration. Navigate to the IPSIS Administration - Dashboard, choose More Actions beside Run Update Now – Resync all SIS Records to sync all data from School Passport.
Grades Export Details
For grades to be exported:
- The course must have been created through IPSIS (OneRoster 1.1 REST source system type and GG4L as the provider).
- The source system must be configured with Grades Export enabled. Enable this option under the Configuration section of the source system in IPSIS Administration.
- The course may only be mapped to one active source system with Grades Export enabled. A course can be mapped to multiple source systems, but only one of them can have Grades Export enabled.
- Grade items must belong to grade categories that have Export to SIS checked. Enable this option on the Edit Grade Category page.
- Grade items must have an associated Academic Session. Enable this option on the Edit Grade Item page.
Ownership of Grade Objects
Brightspace owns grade items and scores, while PowerSchool owns grade categories. Therefore, changes made in Brightspace to grade items and scores overwrite the associated objects in PowerSchool. However, changes to grade categories in Brightspace do not overwrite those in PowerSchool.
For example, if you change the maximum score for a grade item in PowerSchool, the maximum is updated in Brightspace the next time grades are sent from Brightspace through GG4L School Passport. Keep the object ownership in mind as you review the following sections.
Timing of Rostering and Grades Passback
Brightspace syncs with GG4L School Passport once per day, and GG4L School Passport syncs with PowerSchool once per day. During the syncs between systems, the following occurs:
- When GG4L School Passport syncs with PowerSchool, it pulls rostering changes and sends changes to grades that it received from Brightspace since its last sync with PowerSchool.
- When Brightspace syncs with GG4L School Passport, it pulls changes to rosters and sends changes to grades since its last sync with School Passport.
Note the following:
- The time of day when Brightspace syncs with School Passport can be configured in IPSIS Administration > Configuration. Clients should work with their Implementation Specialist during the integration setup to determine the most appropriate time of day to configure the synchronization between PowerSchool and GG4L School Passport
- D2L recommends that GG4L School Passport syncs with PowerSchool before Brightspace syncs with School Passport. This ensures important roster updates are propagated to Brightspace as quickly as possible.
- Grades may take up to two days to appear in PowerSchool; however, clients can reduce this time to next day by manually initiating a sync with GG4L School Passport in IPSIS Administration > Dashboard.
The following example illustrates a synchronization that occurs on Friday morning, highlighting when and which data is transferred:
- Friday 1:00 AM sync between PowerSchool and GG4L School Passport
- GG4L School Passport pulls from PowerSchool all changes (for example, to users, classes, and sections) that took place during Thursday.
- GG4L School Passport sends grade items and scores to PowerSchool that it received the previous day from Brightspace. These would include either:
- The changes that took place Wednesday in Brightspace and that were sent to School Passport 5:00 AM Thursday
- The changes that took place Thursday either when teachers executed the Export to SIS function from within the Grades tool, or when an administrator manually initiated a sync with GG4L School Passport in IPSIS Administration > Dashboard.
- Friday 5:00 AM sync between GG4L School Passport and Brightspace
- Brightspace pulls rostering updates (deltas) from GG4L School Passport. These are the changes that occurred Thursday in PowerSchool.
- Brightspace sends to School Passport all grades updates that took place throughout Thursday.
Handling of Grade Categories
- Brightspace does not pull categories from PowerSchool. You must create them in Brightspace even if categories are already set up in PowerSchool (this applies to teacher-specific and district-level categories).
- For a category to synchronize with PowerSchool, you must select Export to SIS in Edit Category.
- GG4L School Passport connect categories between both systems based on matching names. A category that does not exist in PowerSchool is created by GG4L School Passport.
- Once categories in Brightspace and PowerSchool are connected, changing the name in one system has no impact on the other or on sending of grades to PowerSchool. If you need to change the name of a category, change it in both Brightspace and PowerSchool.
- PowerSchool does not support category names longer than 30 characters. Categories in Brightspace that exceed 30 characters fail to be created in PowerSchool and associated grade items and grades fail to transfer.
- PowerSchool does not support duplicate category names. Any duplicate in Brightspace fails to be created in PowerSchool and associated grade items and grades will fail to transfer.
- Deleting of categories:
- Deleting a category from PowerSchool synchronized with Brightspace breaks the link between systems. Recreating the category in PowerSchool with the same name is not sufficient to re-establish the link. To do so, you must create a new category in Brightspace (with the same name as used in PowerSchool) and move the grade items to the new category.
- If you want to delete a category that has already been linked to PowerSchool, first disable Export to SIS on the Edit Category page and then delete the category from Brightspace. The category and assignments remain in PowerSchool unlinked to Brightspace.
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Warning: The Export to SIS option on a grade category does not appear if the course was not created in Brightspace through the IPSIS integration or if the Grades Export feature has not been enabled under Organization Tools.
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Handling of Grade Items
- Brightspace does not pull in grade items (assignments) from PowerSchool to populate the Brightspace grade book. Similarly, any changes to grading properties of PowerSchool Assignments will not be reflected in Brightspace.
- For a grade item to synchronize with PowerSchool, it must belong to a category with Export to SIS enabled, and a semester selected from the Academic Session drop-down on the Edit Grade Item page. If you want some but not all grade items in a category sent to PowerSchool, only those with an Academic Session are sent.
- Grade items of the following types can be sent to PowerSchool: Numeric, Selectbox, Formula, and Pass/Fail.
- Grade schemes in Brightspace do not impact the transfer of grades. You may use any grade scheme independent of the PowerSchool configuration. Brightspace always sends the underlying numeric scores of grade items to PowerSchool regardless of how students and teachers are viewing grades. If students or parents are viewing grades in Brightspace and PowerSchool, align the grades between the systems. That is, use the same display such as letters, points, or percentages using grade schemes in both Brightspace and PowerSchool.
- The following table shows how grade item properties in Brightspace are mapped to PowerSchool Assignments.
Brightspace Grade Item | PowerSchool Assignment |
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Name | Assignment Name |
Category | Category |
Description | Description |
Maximum Points | Score Entry Points |
Grade item type (Numeric, Selectbox, Formula, Pass/Fail) | Score Type — Points only |
| Due Date (see below) |
| Count in Traditional Final Grade — Always set to Yes |
| Extra Points — Not supported |
| Weight — Not supported |
| Publish Assignment — Immediately (a date for publishing is not sent from Brightspace) |
- The Due Date for a PowerSchool Assignment is determined as follows:
- If the Brightspace grade item is associated with an activity (for example, with a quiz or assignment), one of the following options is possible:
- Send the activity’s Due Date if set
- Send the activity’s End Date if set
- Send the Academic Session (semester) End Date
- If the grade item is not associated with an activity, then:
- Send the Academic Session (semester) End Date
| Note: The Start Date and End Date of a grade item are ignored. |
- All PowerSchool Assignments are automatically flagged in PowerSchool to be included in the final grade. If you would like it to be excluded, modify the option in PowerSchool or exclude it from being transferred from Brightspace by removing the Academic Session from the grade item.
- To enable a student to know the same final grade in Brightspace as they do through PowerSchool, be sure the same categories and grade items configured toward the final grade in Brightspace match those being sent to PowerSchool; that is, if a grade item is not sent to PowerSchool but is included in the final grade calculation in Brightspace, the student and parents may see different final grades between Brightspace and PowerSchool.
- Grade categories not to be included in the PowerSchool final grade should not have Export to SIS enabled for each category. It is also recommended that you give the grade category a Weight of 0.
- On grade items excluded from the PowerSchool final grade, remove the Academic Session, enable Exclude from Final Grade Calculation, and assign a Weight of 0 (in a weighted grade book) from each grade item.
- You can change the name, description, and maximum points in Brightspace, and the changes overwrite PowerSchool. Changing a grade item’s properties causes Brightspace to synchronize the grade item changes and resend all student grades for that grade item.
- PowerSchool does not support assignment names longer than 50 characters. Grade items in Brightspace with names that exceed 50 characters are not created in PowerSchool and associated student grades fail to transfer.
- A grade item can be moved from one category to another in Brightspace, and the category is changed in PowerSchool.
- Grades within merged courses are handled by Brightspace and GG4L School Passport as described below. Consider the follow scenario:
Two sections from PowerSchool have been merged into one in Brightspace section. For example, we start with Course1 (Section1) and Course2 (Section2). Course2 is then merged into Course1. As a result, Course1 will contain both Section1 (with its group of students) and Section2 (with the group of students from Course2).
Course1 has a grade item called Week1 Lab Writeup, and students have been graded.
Brightspace sends the grade item Week1 Lab Writeup and scores for students in Section1. Brightspace then sends the grade item Week1 Lab Writeup and scores for students in Section2.
In PowerSchool, a new assignment is created called Week1 Lab Writeup in Section1 and students in that section receive their grades. In Section2 in PowerSchool there is also an assignment called Week1 Lab Writeup and students in that section receive their grades.
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Note: The Academic Session option on a grade item does not appear if the course was not created in Brightspace through the IPSIS integration or if the Grades Export feature has not been enabled in Organization Tools. |
Handling of Grade Results
- Adding, modifying, or removing scores for students are reflected in PowerSchool.
- Changes to a student's grade in PowerSchool are overwritten by Brightspace if a triggering change is made that causes Brightspace to re-send a student's grade. Triggers can include changing a score, any grade item property, and any grade category property.
- The exemption status for a student is not currently transferring into PowerSchool. This will be resolved in a future release.
- Grade items in Brightspace can be configured to exceed the maximum points. Although scores greater than the maximum transfer to PowerSchool without error, PowerSchool does show an error when viewing the student's grade and final grade calculations may be impacted. You can resolve the error in PowerSchool by changing the assignment and specifying the number of points that student can exceed the maximum.
- Comments given to students by teachers in Brightspace, along with grades, are sent to PowerSchool.
- Final grades are not transferred to PowerSchool.
Troubleshooting
The Dashboard provides the processing status of the latest batch. Both the Dashboard and Batches pages show a final indicator if the batch completed, either successfully or with errors. Each batch has a quick link to the Audit Log and if completed with errors to Error Messages.
Review all logs to verify all records processed as expected. If error messages were logged, expand the error to review the metadata captured to identify the error, correct the data in your SIS and either wait until the next day for the Scheduled Update or request an update from the Dashboard. The goal is to have the runs completed without error.